A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome. Mutations are caused by environmental things such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun or if the DNA makes a mistake when replicating its self.
Chromosomal Mutations
Duplication: happens when a gene is duplicated on one chromosome. Duplication can cause MECP2 duplication syndrome, which is a mutation that cause deficiencies throughout a male.
Deletion: occurs when a gene is deleted on one chromosome. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is caused by deletion and also makes many deficiencies through humans.
Translocation: happens when a gene is transferred from one chromosome to another. Translocation down syndrome is caused by the effects of translocation.
Inversion: occurs when genes change order on the same chromosome. Hemophilia is a severe blood disorder caused by inversion.